Ubwa mbere mu mateka, urukiko mpuzamahanga, by’umwihariko Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR), rwaciriye imanza abantu bakekwaho kuba barakoze icyaha cya jenoside. TPIR yabaye kandi urwego rwa mbere rwemeye ko gusambanya ku gahato ari bumwe mu buryo bwo gukora jenoside.
Inama y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Ishinzwe Amahoro kui Isi yashyizeho Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR cyangwa Urukiko) kugira ngo "rucire imanza abantu bakekwaho kuba barakoreye mu Rwanda no mu bihugu bituranye na rwo ibikorwa bya jenoside n’ibindi bikorwa binyuranyije bikomeye n’Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera abantu mu gihe cy’intambara hagati y’itariki ya 1 Mutarama n’iya 31 Ukuboza 1994". Urukiko rufite icyicaro Arusha muri Tanzaniya rukanagira ibiro i Kigali mu Rwanda. Urugereko rwarwo rw’Ubujurire rufite icyicaro i Lahe [La Haye] mu Buholandi.
![Court hearing during the "Butare case"](/sites/unictr.org/files/images/content/ictr-butare-judges_bw.jpg)
Kuva Urukiko rwatangira imirimo yarwo mu mwaka wa 1995, rwakoze Inyandiko z’ibirego z’ abantu 93 rwabonaga ko bagize uruhare mu bikorwa binyuranyije bikomeye n’Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera abantu mu gihe cy’intambara byakorewe mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1994. Muri abo bakorewe Inyandiko z’ibirego harimo abayobozi bakuru bo mu nzego za gisirikare n’iza guverinoma, abanyapolitiki, abacuruzi, abayobozi b’amadini, ab’imitwe yitwaraga gisirikare n’abo mu nzego z’itangazamakuru.
Urukiko rufatanyije n’izindi nkiko mpuzamahanga rwafashe iya mbere mu gushyiraho ubucamanza mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga bwizewe kandi rwafashe ibyemezo byinshi byabaye ubukemuramanza mu birebana na jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, ibyaha by’intambara ndetse no ku birebana n’imiterere y’uburyozwacyaha bw’umuntu nka gatozi n’uburyozwacyaha bw’umuntu ukuriye abandi.
TPIR ni rwo rukiko mpuzamahanga rwa mbere mu mateka rwaciye imanza zifitanye isano na jenoside rukaba kandi n’urwa mbere rwagaragaje uko abantu bagomba kumva igisobanuro cya jenoside gikubiye mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i Jeneve yo mu mwaka wa 1948. Ni na rwo rukiko mpuzamahanga rwa mbere rwatanze igisobanuro cy’icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato mu mategeko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga kandi rwemeye ko gusambanya ku gahato ari bumwe mu buryo bwo gukora jenoside.
Indi ntambwe ikomeye yatewe mu rubanza rwitiriwe itangazamakuru, ubwo TPIR yabaga urukiko mpuzamahanga rwa mbere ruhamije abanyamakuru icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru agamije gushishikariza abaturage gukora ibikorwa bya jenoside.
TPIR yaciye urubanza rwa nyuma mu Rugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo ku itariki ya 20 Ukuboza 2012, ari rwo rwa Ngirabatware. Ibi bivuga ko imirimo y’Urukiko ifitanye isano n’ica ry’imanza isigaye gusa mu Rugereko rw’Ubujurire. Muri uku kwezi kwa Mata 2014, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rwa TPIR ruracyasuzuma imanza 5 zikubiyemo ubujurire 17 butandukanye. Hari urundi rubanza rwaciwe n’Urugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwajuririwe mu Rugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urwego Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho kurangiza imirimo y’Inkiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (Urwego cyangwa MICT). Urwo Rwego rwatangiye gukora imirimo TPIR yari isigaje ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 2012.
Umurimo w’ingenzi ukorwa n’Urwego mu yo TPIR yari isigaje gukora ni ugushakisha no gufata abantu 3 batarafatwa ngo bashyikirizwe ubucamanza. TPIR yateguye Inyandiko z’ibirego za Félicien Kabuga, Protais Mpiranya na Augustin Bizimana bakurikiranweho jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu ariko ubu bakaba batarafatwa. Ubufatanye buhoraho na guverinoma z’ibihugu n’umuryango mpuzamahanga muri rusange bufite uruhare runini mu ifatwa ry’aba bantu. Nibaramuka bafashwe Urwego ruzababuranisha kandi rugenzure uko ibihano byose bashobora gukatirwa birangizwa kimwe n’ibindi bihano byose byatanzwe na TPIR mbere.
Biteganyijwe ko TPIR izarangiza imirimo yayo ku mugaragaro igihe izaba imaze gusoma urubanza rwa nyuma mu Rugereko rw’Ubujurire. Mu gihe TPIR igitegereje isomwa ry’uru rubanza mu mwaka wa 2015, ntizahwema kurwanya umuco wo kudahana ku bantu bose bakekwaho ibikorwa bya jenoside yibanda ku guca imanza, kumenyekanisha ibyo ikora no kwiyongerera ubushobozi. Ibi bikorwa bizafasha TPIR kurangiza inshingano zayo zo guha ubutabera abakorewe jenoside kandi TPIR ikaba yizera ko bizaca intege abandi bantu baba bafite umugambi wo gukora amarorerwa nk’aya mu gihe kizaza.